Tiancheng Xie, Honghu Zhu, Youkou Dong, Mingliang Zhou, Bin Wang, Wei Zhang, Jidong Zhao. Geo-interface modeling with material point method: A review. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, DOI: 10.1016/j.jrmge.2025.04.001
01 摘要
工程地质界面（Geo-interface）是指地层中受自然营力和工程活动共同作用的两种或多种介质之间的接触面，以及对三相介质迁移、物态变化和岩土稳定性起控制作用的转换面（朱鸿鹄，2023）。由于自然因素和人类活动的共同作用，工程地质界面在地质灾害的形成、传播和诱发过程中发挥着至关重要的作用。在过去的30年中，物质点法（Material Point Method, MPM）作为一种用于解决大变形问题和模拟土-水-结构相互作用的数值方法，已成为分析工程地质界面演化的重要工具。本文系统综述了工程地质界面的基本概念、分类及其主要特征，并全面概述了近年来利用物质点法模拟工程地质界面的最新进展。同时，简要介绍了物质点法在岩土工程应用中用于模拟不同类型工程地质界面的多种建模方法，并指出了其现有局限性及未来研究方向。本文旨在促进物质点法在复杂工程地质界面模拟中的创新应用，为岩土工程研究者提供参考和借鉴。
02 研究背景
研究问题这篇文章要解决的问题是如何利用物质点法（Material Point Method, MPM）进行地质界面建模。地质界面是指地质层之间以及调节三相物质迁移、物理状态变化以及岩土体变形和稳定性的过渡区。研究难点该问题的研究难点包括：准确模拟地质界面的复杂动态特性、处理大变形问题、以及多相相互作用和热-水-力-机械因素的耦合。相关工作过去三十年中，MPM因其在解决大变形问题和模拟土-水-结构相互作用方面的优势，成为地质界面行为分析的理想工具。已有研究探讨了各种数值方法在地质界面建模中的应用，如有限元法（FEM）、离散元法（DEM）等，但它们在处理大变形问题时存在局限性。
03 地质界面的数值建模
1. 地质界面的分类
材料界面：指地质介质之间的接触表面，如岩石与土壤、土壤与混凝土等。
状态界面：指地质介质中涉及水分、应力或温度等状态参数的突变界面。
运动界面：指地质介质内部或与结构物之间发生的宏观变形和破坏界面。
图1. 典型工程地质界面：(a) 大光包滑坡的裸露滑动面；(b) 新磨滑坡的救援现场；(c) 土体龟裂；(d) 大坝溃堤事件
图2. 工程地质界面分类示意图
2. 数值建模方法的比较
有限元法（FEM）：适用于模拟地质界面的应力和变形变化，但在大变形情况下容易因网格畸变导致模拟失败。
欧拉-拉格朗日耦合方法（CEL）：适用于处理大变形问题，但数值精度受欧拉网格粗糙度影响。
光滑粒子流体动力学（SPH）：适用于模拟流体-固体相互作用，但需要特殊的边界方法和计算效率较低。
颗粒有限元法（PFEM）：适用于处理大变形问题和流体-固体耦合，但需要特殊的接触方法。
MPM：适用于模拟复杂地质界面的大变形问题，能够提供多场数据，包括位移、速度和应力信息。
04 物质点法
图3. 物质点法发展简史
图4. 物质点法相关论文的发文量统计
接触算法：在MPM中，接触算法常用于模拟材料界面。例如，摩擦接触算法广泛应用于土-结构相互作用中。初始预测节点速度在拉格朗日阶段进行，然后使用摩擦接触算法计算修正后的节点速度和加速度。这些更新的节点加速度用于计算MPs的速度，进一步更新其位置、应变和应力。
图5 物质点法(MPM)计算流程示意图
图6. 有限元法与物质点法的工程地质界面模拟结果对比
图7 材料点方法(MPM)中的摩擦接触算法原理
图8 Goodman等(1968)提出的零厚度单元模型
图9 Desai等(1984)提出的薄层单元构型
06 状态界面的建模
状态界面指的是涉及土体中水分、应力或温度的状态参数发生突变（Zhu, 2023）的界面。许多研究表明，降雨渗透、地下水位波动和孔隙压力等因素是滑坡（安德森与安德森，2010；刘等人，2019；耶罗等人，2019）、堤防溃决（扎巴拉和阿隆索，2011）以及盾构隧道中的水土涌出（Xie et al., 2022）的主要原因。由于与已得到充分研究的有限元法（FEM）在算法上的相似性，多尺度方法（MPM）在大变形分析中捕捉水-机行为非常有效，特别是使用适当的土壤本构模型时。目前，MPM包括两相单点、两相双点和三相单点法等用于土-水耦合的公式。各种MPM数值方法的细节在图10中进行了说明，并在以下小节中进一步阐述。
图10. 不同类型物质点法的示意图
07 运动界面的建模
运动界面是指岩石和土体内部或土壤与相邻结构之间的界面上发生的宏观变形和破坏（朱，2023年）。这些界面通常表现为剪切带或滑移面。如前所述，多孔介质中的粒子可以穿过背景网格。因此，在计算映射函数之前，跟踪每个时间步骤的粒子至关重要，以确保准确性（比什等人，2021年；冯和徐，2021年；鲍姆加滕和卡姆林，2023年）。如图14所示，在模拟诸如打桩和浅基础问题等穿透问题时，保持计算精度是必不可少的。在土壤-结构界面附近进行网格细化已被证明是有效的，因为该处解的变化可能迅速发生（陈等人，2019年；王等人，2021b年）。
图11 两相单点耦合算法框架
图12 三相单点耦合数值模型
图13 两相双点耦合计算策略
图14 移动网格法的实现机制
07 运动界面的建模
运动界面是指岩石和土体内部或土壤与相邻结构之间的界面上发生的宏观变形和破坏（朱，2023年）。这些界面通常表现为剪切带或滑移面。如前所述，多孔介质中的粒子可以穿过背景网格。因此，在计算映射函数之前，跟踪每个时间步骤的粒子至关重要，以确保准确性（比什等人，2021年；冯和徐，2021年；鲍姆加滕和卡姆林，2023年）。如图14所示，在模拟诸如打桩和浅基础问题等穿透问题时，保持计算精度是必不可少的。在土壤-结构界面附近进行网格细化已被证明是有效的，因为该处解的变化可能迅速发生（陈等人，2019年；王等人，2021b年）。
图15 降雨导致滑坡的物质点法模型
图16. 滑坡形态的物质点法模拟过程
图17.滑坡区域三维地形数据重构
图18. 滑坡运动界面的动态扩展过程
土-结构相互作用：模拟埋地管道的抬升破坏时，发现剪切带的形成和转变主要受土壤楔形尺寸、剪切阻力和流动机制的影响。模拟海底滑坡对固定海底管道的影响时，发现冲击系数能够量化滑动碎片对管道施加的应力。
图19 材料点方法(MPM)模型的几何特征与初始材料点分布
图20. 埋地管道隆升过程中剪切带的演化过程
图21 海底滑坡对固定管道的冲击作用数值模拟
图22 冲击力的回归分析结果
水-土涌出：模拟隧道内的水-土涌出时，发现运动界面的扩展和稳定化与孔隙水压力的变化密切相关。通过监测和分析这些界面，可以采取有效的措施减轻地质灾害的风险。 
图24. 隧道涌水过程中工程地质界面演化
当前局限性和研究展望
- 局限性
尽管物质点法在工程地质界面模拟方面取得了显著进展，但仍需解决若干挑战，以进一步提高其模拟效果。深入理解这些局限性对于增强物质点法的预测能力及其在工程地质界面模拟中的实际应用具有重要意义。
(1) 在模拟物质界面时，物质点法处理土-结构相互作用问题时采用了相对简化的方式，主要依赖摩擦接触算法。然而，该方法可能无法准确捕捉具有不同材料属性的复杂工程地质界面行为，从而限制了模拟结果的准确性。此外，实际地层结构中裂隙和节理等物质界面的模拟需要极小的网格单元，而网格尺寸的巨大差异会带来显著挑战。
(2) 状态界面通常涉及固相、液相和气相之间的相互作用，因此需要耦合方法来处理复杂的流固耦合问题。物质点法主要基于达西定律描述多孔介质中的液相运动，但该假设在高速流动条件下可能不再适用。当前的物质点模型还缺乏模拟状态界面热传递效应，其在核废料处理或滑坡运动中的研究非常重要。此外，现有模型通常忽略非饱和土中的气体迁移过程，这会显著改变工程地质界面的水力特性。忽视这些因素可能导致模拟结果不够准确。
(3) 为了实现运动界面的高精度模拟，选择合适的土体本构模型至关重要。然而，当前物质点法中常用的模型（如Moh-Croulomb和Drucker-Prager模型）过于理想化，难以描述非线性应力-应变关系并捕捉运动界面的复杂演变。这种局限性降低了模拟精度，尤其是在涉及类固体和类流体行为转换的过渡阶段。此外，应变率、应变硬化/软化以及各向异性等因素对运动界面的演变具有显著影响。工程地质界面处的复杂相互作用（如摩擦滑动等）需要能够处理大位移和偏转的接触算法，现有方法在实现这些功能时仍存在技术挑战。
- 研究趋势
为了克服上述讨论的物质点法在模拟工程地质界面方面的局限性，未来的研究应着重于提升物质点法在复杂工程地质界面问题中的适用性，具体建议如下：
(1) 将物质点法与其他数值技术（如有限元法（FEM）、离散元法（DEM）、光滑粒子流体动力学（SPH）、计算流体力学（CFD）、近场动力学（PD）、分子动力学（MD）等相结合，具有广阔的前景。这些混合方法是当前研究的热点领域。通过整合每种技术的优势，这种方法能够推动地质界面的多尺度和多物理场仿真，从而显著提升对工程地质界面演变规律的理解。
(2) 在物质点法中引入考虑各向异性、非线性和时间依赖性的先进本构模型。这些模型能够更准确地捕捉大变形过程中运动界面的演变。此外，将有限元法的界面单元和结构单元嵌入到物质点法中，对于克服接触算法的局限性具有重要意义。这对于模拟土与结构（如桩、锚、土工格栅）之间的物质界面行为具有重要意义。
(3) 将气相作为自由粒子进行模拟，例如土体中的浸润面、垃圾填埋气体迁移以及水位快速下降期间大坝地基的空气流动等。此外，人工智能（AI）技术的快速发展促使许多研究人员将AI与数值模拟方法相结合，以研究岩土工程问题。这种技术能够增强物质点法的预测能力，并有助于识别大型数据集中的失效模式，从而提高物质点法模拟的准确性和可靠性。
结论
工程地质界面及其相互作用机制在诱发各类地质灾害中发挥着至关重要的作用。模拟这些界面是地质灾害减灾与预防领域的关键科学问题之一。本文旨在全面概述工程地质界面的基本概念、分类及其主要特征，并深入探讨物质点法的基本原理、框架、局限性及未来研究方向。此外，本文还列举了物质点法在工程地质界面分析中的若干应用案例。本综述的主要结论如下：
(1) 物质点法在模拟工程地质界面行为方面展现出巨大潜力，这主要得益于其在大变形模拟中的显著优势。通过模拟不同类型的地质界面（包括物质界面、状态界面和运动界面），物质点法已被证明能够有效模拟土-结构相互作用以及地质灾害（如滑坡和地裂缝）。这使其成为预测地质灾害、加强风险评估与管理的强大模拟手段。
(2) 尽管物质点法在模拟工程地质界面行为方面取得了显著进展，但它仍面临仿真精度、计算效率及多物理场耦合相关的问题。当前模型在处理复杂边界条件、非线性材料变形及长时间尺度问题时存在局限性。为应对这些挑战，未来研究应聚焦于引入先进的本构模型、开发更高效的数值算法以及增强多物理场耦合能力，从而优化物质点法的性能。
(3) 随着数值技术的不断发展，将物质点法与其他数值方法（如有限元法、离散元法等）相结合，可以显著提升工程地质界面模拟的准确性和效率。此外，结合人工智能（AI）技术，能够优化模拟参数的选择和结果分析，从而显著提高工程地质界面模拟的精准度。
Abstract: Geo-interfaces refer to the contact surfaces between multiple media within geological strata, as well as the transition zones that regulate the migration of three-phase matter, changes in physical states, and the deformation and stability of rock and soil masses. Owing to the combined effects of natural factors and human activities, geo-interfaces play crucial roles in the emergence, propagation, and triggering of geological disasters. Over the past three decades, the material point method (MPM) has emerged as a preferred approach for addressing large deformation problems and simulating soil-water-structure interactions, making it an ideal tool for analyzing geo-interface behaviors. In this review, we offer a systematic summary of the basic concepts, classifications, and main characteristics of the geo-interface, and provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances and developments in simulating geo-interface using the MPM. We further present a brief description of various MPMs for modeling different types of geo-interfaces in geotechnical engineering applications and highlight the existing limitations and future research directions. This study aims to facilitate innovative applications of the MPM in modeling complex geo-interface problems, providing a reference for geotechnical practitioners and researchers.
Keywords: Geo-interface; Material point method (MPM); Interaction mechanism; Large deformation; Numerical simulation
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