本文总结了光纤传感技术在岩土工程监测中的应用现状，介绍了常用光纤传感技术的基本工作原理及其优缺点，分析了目前光纤传感器的研发情况，对光纤传感技术及相关传感器在桩基、边坡、隧道、大坝、基坑、近海、管道等岩土工程监测中的应用成果进行了全面的总结和回顾。最后，展望了光纤传感技术在岩土工程监测中面临的挑战与未来的发展方向。
岩土工程受到施工及服役复杂环境的影响，存在许多不确定性，工程事故易发，给岩土工程监测带来了重大挑战。传统传感器由于其固有的局限性，已逐渐无法满足监测的需求。光纤传感技术具有抗电磁干扰、灵敏度高、信号远程传输稳定等诸多优势，被广泛应用于岩土工程监测领域。本文从光纤传感技术的基本原理、相关传感器的研发及其在岩土工程监测中的应用现状进行了全面的总结和讨论，以期为后续相关研究工作和工程监测提供一定的参考和借鉴。
图1 主要内容框架图
本文将常用的光纤传感技术分为准分布式（FBG）和全分布式（BOTDR、BOTDA、BOFDA等）两种，分别介绍了上述光纤传感技术的基本工作原理及其优缺点，并对基于光纤传感技术的多种准分布式传感器和全分布式感测光缆的基本结构、封装方法以及适用环境进行了总结。
图2 FBG和BOTDR传感技术工作原理图
图3 常用感测光缆结构图
在此基础上，对光纤传感技术在桩基工程、边坡工程、隧道工程、大坝工程、基坑工程、近海工程、管道工程中的应用现状和具体监测方法进行了回顾。在桩基工程中，根据成桩方式的不同，介绍了预制桩和灌注桩应变、位移等物理量的监测方法；在边坡工程中，总结了边坡土钉应变和边坡位移的监测方法；在隧道工程中，分析了隧道围岩位移和隧道施工引起的地面沉降的监测方法；在大坝工程中，归纳了大坝位移和大坝渗漏的监测方法；在基坑工程中，介绍了基坑支护结构和锚杆内力的监测方法；在近海工程中，总结了钢筋腐蚀的监测方法；在管道工程中，讨论了管道变形和管周土体位移的监测方法。
图4 光纤传感技术在桩基工程中的应用
图5 光纤传感技术在边坡工程中的应用
图6 光纤传感技术在隧道工程中的应用
图7 光纤传感技术在大坝和基坑工程中的应用
图8 光纤传感技术在近海和管道工程中的应用
本文综述了光纤传感技术在岩土监测中的应用现状，重点介绍了光纤传感技术的工作原理、新传感器的开发以及在不同岩土工程中的监测方法，所得结论如下：
（1）基于光纤传感技术的传感器具有重量轻、灵敏度高、监测距离长、实时监测等诸多优点，能够满足岩土工程日益增长的监测需求，具有替代传统传感器的潜力。
（2）光纤传感技术及相关传感器种类繁多，各具优缺点，在实际工程监测中，应根据岩土工程的实际情况，选择合适的传感技术、传感器及相应的安装工艺、监测方法。
（3）为了准确地评估岩土工程的安全状况，应将实测数据与数值模拟、理论计算结果进行对比和分析，加强监测数据准确性的验证，进一步优化监测数据处理方法。
（4）在后续的研究中，应继续优化传感器的封装工艺，开发更多性能优异的传感器；探索新的传感器安装工艺，提高传感器和被测结构的耦合性能；进一步改进解调技术，以获得更高的监测精度和分辨率。
来源：Rock Mechanics Bulletin, 2023, 2, 100021.
作者：Jiaxiao Ma, Huafu Pei, Honghu Zhu, Bin Shi, Jianhua Yin
单位：大连理工大学, 南京大学, 香港理工大学
A review of previous studies on the applications of fiber optic sensing technologies in geotechnical monitoring
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